Computational Insights into Captopril’s Inhibitory Potential Against MMP9 and LCN2 in Bladder Cancer: Implications for Therapeutic Application

Abstract

Objectives: Captopril is a commonly used therapeutic agent in the management of renovascular hypertension (high blood pressure), congestive heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction, and nephropathy. Captopril has been found to interact with proteins that are significantly associated with bladder cancer (BLCA), suggesting that it could be a potential medication for BLCA patients with concurrent hypertension. Methods: DrugBank 5.0 was utilized to identify the direct protein targets (DPTs) of captopril. STRING was used to analyze the multiple protein interactions. TNMPlot was used for comparing gene expression in normal, tumor, and metastatic tissue. Then, docking with target proteins was done using Autodock. Molecular dynamics simulations were applied for estimate the diffusion coefficients and mean-square displacements in materials. Results: Among all these proteins, MMP9 is observed to be an overexpressed gene in BLCA and its increased expression is linked to reduced survival in patients. Our findings indicate that captopril effectively inhibits both the wild type and common mutated forms of MMP9

in BLCA. Furthermore, the LCN2 gene, which is also overexpressed in BLCA, interacts with captopril-associated proteins. The overexpres- sion of LCN2 is similarly associated with reduced survival in BLCA. Through molecular docking analysis, we have identified specific amino

acid residues (Tyr179, Pro421, Tyr423, and Lys603) at the active pocket of MMP9, as well as Tyr78, Tyr106, Phe145, Lys147, and Lys156 at the active pocket of LCN2, with which captopril interacts. Thus, our data provide compelling evidence for the inhibitory potential of captopril against human proteins MMP9 and LCN2, both of which play crucial roles in BLCA. Conclusion: These discoveries present promising prospects for conducting subsequent validation studies both in vitro and in vivo, with

the aim of assessing the suitability of captopril for treating BLCA patients, irrespective of their hypertension status, who exhibit elevated lev- els of MMP9 and LCN2 expression.